Author Archives: Gray Rinehart

Single Comet, Dual Discovery

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Fifteen years ago today — July 23, 1995 — Comet Hale-Bopp was discovered nearly simultaneously by Alan Hale and Tom Bopp.


(Comet Hale-Bopp and the Bodie Island Lighthouse, Nags Head, NC. Photographed by Drew Wilson on March 22, 1997. Image from the JPL Comet Hale-Bopp gallery. Requested permission.)

The two astronomers were making independent observations and each discovered the comet while it was still beyond the orbit of Jupiter, making it “the farthest comet ever discovered by amateurs.”

When it made its closest approach to Earth in March 1997, Comet Hale-Bopp was one of the brightest comets seen in the 20th Century. (We saw it from the front yard of our house in Colorado Springs.)

Hale, by his own account both a professional and an amateur astronomer,* described the discovery in September 1995:

On the night of July 22-23 — the first clear night here in a week and a half — I had planned to observe two comets. I finished with the first one — Periodic Comet Clark — shortly before midnight, and had about an hour and a half to wait before the second one — Periodic Comet d’Arrest — rose high enough in the east to get a good look at. I decided to pass the time by observing some deep-sky objects in Sagittarius, and when I turned my telescope (a Meade DS-16) to M70, I immediately noticed a fuzzy object in the field that hadn’t been there when I had looked at M70 two weeks earlier. After verifying that I was indeed looking at M70, and not one of the many other globular clusters in that part of the sky, I checked the various deep-sky catalogues, then ran the comet-identification program at the IAU Central Bureau’s computer in Cambridge, Massachusetts. I sent an email to … the Central Bureau at that time informing them of a possible comet; later, when I had verified that the object had moved against the background stars, I sent them an additional email. I continued to follow the comet for a total of about 3 hours, until it set behind trees in the southwest, and then was able to email a detailed report, complete with two positions.

While Hale was observing the comet from his New Mexico location, Bopp also saw the comet from just south of Phoenix, Arizona. When the International Astronomical Union announced the discovery of the new comet, it carried both men’s names.

Hale’s blog hasn’t been updated in awhile, but it’s available here as part of the Cosmic Diary.

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Comet Hale-Bopp, of course, is also remembered as the catalyst for the multiple suicides of members of the “Heaven’s Gate” cult. I prefer to give its discovery a more prominent place than that later unfortunate episode.

___

*And not the Skipper on Gilligan’s Island.

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India Joins the Space Club

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Thirty years ago today — July 18, 1980 — the country of India became the seventh nation to launch a spacecraft using an indigenous rocket system.

Ronihi (also known as RS-1, for “Rohini Satellite 1”) was launched from Sriharikota Space Center on an SLV-3 rocket by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). RS-1 was a test satellite, used to evaluate the launch vehicle’s performance — particularly the performance of the rocket’s fourth stage.

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Proton's Maiden Flight

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Forty-five years ago today — July 16, 1965 — the Soviet Union launched their first Proton rocket from the Baikonur Cosmodrome.


(Proton launch from July 2000. NASA image from Wikimedia Commons.)

The Proton went on to become one of the most reliable launch vehicles in operation today.

I was able to see Proton operations “up close and personal” during the 2002 launch campaign for the Canadian Nimiq-2 satellite; however, I did not get to see the launch itself because I rotated back to the U.S. when my relief arrived. My observations at Baikonur eventually became the inspiration for my short story, “The Rocket Seamstress,” which was published in Zahir and is now available on Anthology Builder.

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Apollo-Soyuz

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Thirty-five years ago today — July 15, 1975 — the two spacecraft of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project were launched.


(Soyuz spacecraft, as seen from the Apollo spacecraft. NASA image. A higher-resolution image is available here.)

The Soviet Union launched Soyuz-19 from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, carrying cosmonauts Alexei A. Leonov and Valeri N. Kubasov.

The USA launched its ASTP contribution from Cape Canaveral atop a Saturn-1B launch vehicle. Astronauts Thomas P. Stafford, Vance D. Brand, and Donald K. Slayton docked with Soyuz-19 two days later in the first-ever international space docking.

Unfortunately for space enthusiasts, it was also the final flight of an Apollo spacecraft flight.

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In tangentially related news, Donald K. “Deke” Slayton plays an important role in my alternate history story, “Memorial at Copernicus,” which is slated to appear in an upcoming issue of the online magazine Redstone Science Fiction.

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First Close-Up Pictures of Mars: 1965

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Forty-five years ago today — Bastille Day 1965 — the Mariner-4 spacecraft took the first close-up photographs of Mars.


(First close-up image of Mars, from Mariner-4. NASA image.)

Mariner-4 had been launched from Cape Canaveral on November 28, 1964 (for which, see this space history installment).

From the National Space Science Data Center page linked above,

After 7.5 months of flight involving one midcourse maneuver on 5 December 1964, the spacecraft flew by Mars on July 14 and 15, 1965. Planetary science mode was turned on at 15:41:49 UT on 14 July. The camera sequence started at 00:18:36 UT on July 15 (7:18:49 p.m. EST on July 14) and 21 pictures plus 21 lines of a 22nd picture were taken [and] stored in the onboard tape recorder. At 02:19:11 UT Mariner 4 passed behind Mars as seen from Earth and the radio signal ceased. The signal was reacquired at 03:13:04 UT when the spacecraft reappeared. Cruise mode was then re-established. Transmission of the taped images to Earth began about 8.5 hours after signal reacquisition and continued until 3 August. All images were transmitted twice to insure no data was missing or corrupt.


(First image of craters on the surface of Mars, from Mariner-4. NASA image.)

More Mariner-4 images are available on this NASA page.

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Space History: Shuttle Launch Delayed … By Woodpeckers

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Fifteen years ago today — July 13, 1995 — the Space Shuttle Discovery launched from Kennedy Space Center on mission STS-70. The mission had been scheduled to launch in June, but over Memorial Day weekend woodpeckers damaged the insulating foam on the external tank (shown below), which had to be repaired before the launch could proceed.


(STS-70 external tank, showing woodpecker damage. NASA image.)

Once the mission finally got underway, astronauts Terence T. Henricks, Kevin R. Kregel, Nancy Jane Currie, Donald A. Thomas, and Mary Ellen Weber deployed the seventh Tracking Data and Relay Satellite (TDRS-G). They also completed a number of experiments over the course of their 8 days in space.

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'Cornerstone' of the International Space Station

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Ten years ago today — July 12, 2000 — the Zvezda (“star”) service module was launched atop a Proton-K rocket from the Baikonur Cosmodrome.


(Zvezda module diagram. NASA image from Wikimedia Commons.)

The module docked with the nascent International Space Station (ISS) a few days later, and became “the early cornerstone” of the station.

If you want to know more about how the space station was built, this NASA page outlines the sequence of assembly for the ISS.

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Of X-Rays and Photons: Two Japanese Space Missions

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Five years ago today — July 10, 2005 — the Japanese Suzaku spacecraft launched from the Uchinoura Space Center in Japan.

Also known as Astro-E2, Suzaku included U.S.-built X-ray telescopes from NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center.

The Suzaku mission helped complete the picture we have of the universe in the X-ray portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Here’s the GSFC page about their part of the mission.

And yesterday another Japanese mission achieved the largest-ever acceleration of a spacecraft by impingement of photons on a solar sail.


(Image of the Ikaros solar sail, taken from the separation camera. From the Japanese Space Agency (JAXA) June 28 press release.)

The Ikaros demonstrator had been launched on May 20th along with the Venus-bound Akatsuki probe, with the express purpose of testing solar sail technology. Here’s the Spaceflight Now report on its remarkable accomplishment.

The Japanese are planning a larger-scale solar sail mission for later this decade.

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So Much for That Idea

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Last month I posted my thoughts on the Deepwater Horizon oil spill and particularly my opinion that a brute-force method should be used to stop the leak. In response to my friend David’s comment, I sent the idea in for evaluation and the other day I received the boilerplate response:

> Dear Gray Rinehart,
> Thank you so much for taking the time to think about and submit your proposed solution regarding the Horizon incident. Your submission has been reviewed for its technical merits. Unfortunately, the team has determined that your idea cannot be applied under the very challenging and specific operating conditions we face. All of us on the Horizon Support Team appreciate your thoughts and efforts.
>
> Sincerely yours,
> Horizon Support Team

In the publishing world, this is known as a “form rejection,” with the only personalization being that the system grabbed my name from the electronic form and popped it into the letter. (I know this because I’ve received lots of form rejections for my stories, and have sent out my share as well.)

What amuses me is the phrase “cannot be applied.” I’m aware of “the very challenging and specific operating conditions,” since in 1993 I directed a search-and-salvage operation in the Pacific Ocean for pieces of a failed Titan-IV rocket; based on that experience, I still think my idea is feasible. But because it would render the undersea wellhead unusable forever, it is most certainly undesirable to the powers that be.

I could be wrong; it wouldn’t be the first time, nor the last. Nevertheless, I think the kid gloves should have come off a long time ago. By not making the situation better, the people in charge are definitely making it worse.

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